Teenage brain development

The teenage years are a time of rapid growth - not just physically, but mentally and emotionally too. Understanding what’s happening in the brain can help you support them more effectively and respond with empathy when challenges arise.

What’s changing in the teenage brain

During adolescence, the brain undergoes major restructuring. The prefrontal cortex - the part responsible for decision-making, impulse control and planning - is still developing. Meanwhile, the limbic system, which handles emotions and reward, becomes more active. This imbalance helps explain why teens may act impulsively, take risks or struggle with emotional regulation.

Brain development continues into the mid-20s, so it’s normal for teenagers to show inconsistent behaviour, intense emotions and a tendency to seek out new experiences. These changes are part of how they learn, grow and become independent.

How this affects behaviour

Here are some common traits linked to teenage brain development:

  • increased sensitivity to peer influence and social feedback
  • stronger emotional reactions and mood swings
  • difficulty with long-term planning or seeing consequences
  • preference for novelty, excitement and risk-taking
  • challenges with impulse control and self-regulation

These behaviours aren’t signs of defiance - they’re part of normal development. That said, teens still need boundaries, guidance and support to make safe choices.

How parents can help

You can support your teen’s brain development by creating a stable, understanding environment. Here are some practical tips:

  • stay calm and consistent when setting boundaries
  • encourage problem-solving and reflection rather than punishment
  • help them build routines that support sleep, nutrition and exercise
  • talk openly about emotions and mental health
  • give them space to make decisions, but be available when they need help
  • celebrate effort and growth, not just outcomes

Supporting mental health

The teenage brain is more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and low mood. If your child seems overwhelmed, withdrawn or persistently unhappy, it’s important to seek support early. Mental health challenges are common during adolescence and treatable with the right help.

Useful links

Hampshire Healthy Families website has some helpful information in understanding brain development further.

The Mystery of the Teenage Brain - Hannah and Adam investigate the strange goings on in the bodies and brains of teens as they embark on adolescence.